نشریه طلوع بهداشت
سال پانزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 55، فروردین و اردیبهشت 1395)

Bacteriophages are viruses that infect and destroy prokaryote cells, specifically the bacteria. They act too selective, so as each bacteriophage affects only on specific type of bacteria. Due to their specific features, bacteriophages can be used as an appropriate substitute for antibiotics in infectious diseases treatment. Therefore, this study aimed to isolate E. coli-specific bacteriophage from raw sewage.
Eight samples of raw sewage, each containing approximately 50 ml of raw sewage with 10 minute gap, were prepared from Zargandeh wastewater treatment plant, Tehran, Iran. The sewages were mixed with Brain-heart infusion medium (BHI) as a liquid culture medium in order to let the microorganisms grow. Incubation, purification and determination of bacteria were followed repeatedly to isolate the bacteriophage. Then it was tested on E.coli (ATCC 25922), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 2392), and Yersinia enterocolitica (ATCC 9610) in order to determine the bacteriophage selectivity.
The E.coli bacteriophages were successfully isolated from all the eight samples, that were completely able to lyse and destroy E.coli bacterial cells, though no effect was observed on other types of bacteria.
The study findings revealed that bacteriophages act selectively. Considering the raise of antibiotic resistance in the world, bacteriophages can serve as a good substitute for antibiotics in treating infectious diseases.

In the absence of proper control, environmental hazards and risks from industries, can be irreparable damages to the environment. Hence, this study with the aim of environmental risks identification and assessment (such as emissions to air, discharges of pollutants into water, the discharge of pollutants in soil, consumption energy, etc) and estimation of control costs by (william fine) and (PHA) method in the Kavir steel Complex.
environmental hazards that identified by field observations, categoried on the Preliminary Hazard List (PHL) on unit, human activities and performance of the machines in the production hall of Kavir Steel; then was done risk assessment by William Fine method for calculation of (RAC1). After providing reform strategy for critical risks , (RAC2) calculated. In this study was used software (SPSS) version 19 for statistical calculations.
According to this study, the number of 356 environmental risk, in the form of 9-risk groups, identified. before the offered intervention strategies, the number of acceptable risks 89, the lowest practictable (ALARP) 204 and 63 was unacceptable risks. prospecting after the offered intervention strategies, changed the number of acceptable risks 183 and the lowest practicable (ALARP) 173.
The results show that the comprehensive identification and assessment of environmental risks in the rolling steel industry, presenting technical flaws and imperfections and errors of destructive environmental staff to the issue of environmental and making necessary to auditing environmental, and changing attitude of personnel, sensitivization of rolling steel industry personnel to maintain and improve the health of the environment.

Sleep problems are taken into account as a prevalent problem within school-age children that is normally ignored in spite of its high prevalence. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the frequency of sleep problems within elementary students in Kashan.
This study is descriptive-cross sectional, in which 300 children (7-12 years old) of Kashan elementary schools were randomly selected via cluster sampling method. The study instruments for data collection involved questions concerning children's age and sex as well as BEAR'S questionnaire, which were filled by the children's mothers. Moreover, the study data were analyzed by descriptive statistics method (mean and standard deviation), independent sample T-test was used to compare mean of sleep duration and Mann-Whitney u test was applied to evaluate the difference between age and sex groups.
Totally, 300 children participated in this study, among which 44.3% were boys and 55.7% were girls. The most common sleep problems involved nightmare and resistance against a wakening. Relative frequency of awakening during night was observed to be higher within boys than girls (p High frequency of sleep problems in the current study may indicate the significance of taking sleep problems into consideration within students as well as informing healthy sleep patterns in order to promote knowledge level of parents via schools and parent-teacher meetings.

Textile industry is regarded as one of the largest producers of dye and organic compounds, and Methylene Blue is the most commonly used dye material. In the present study, peanut shell powder was used as a low-cost adsorbent for removal of Methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions.
In this experimental study, effect of operating parameters including pH (2-12), reaction time (5-210 min), adsorbent dosage (0.1-1 g/l) and initial dye concentration (10-120 mg/l) were assessed on dye removal from synthetic wastewater. Moreover, the adsorption behavior of dye was evaluated by Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms.
Maximum removal efficiency of methylene blue was achieved at optimal pH of 11, reaction time of 75 min, adsorbent dosage of 8 g/l and initial dye concentration of 10 mg/l. With increasing dye concentration from 10 to 100 mg/l, removal efficiency was decreased from 99.5% to 96.46%. The obtained data demonstrated that adsorption process of Methylene blue using peanut shell powder was well fitted with Langmuir isotherms (R2=0.894).
Based on the results of the current study, the peanut shell seems to have an appropriate ability in Methylene blue dye removal from aqueous solution, and textile industry wastewater.

Heavy metals are regarded as toxic stable elements in the environment that with the entry into water sources, finally it enters into the biological cycle of life and develops some adverse effects. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the concentration of chromium and arsenic heavy metals in the river basins of Baft and Ravar dams.
This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2013 to June 2014. During the field surveys of the river basins, 4 sampling stations of river basins of Baft and Rabor dams were selected. One combined sample was taken on 15th of each month from the mentioned river basins as well as Baft and Rabor dams. The chromium and arsenic concentrations were measured for 12 months in river basins of Baft and Rabar dams by Furnace Atomic Absorption device, and the study data were analyzed applying SPSS software.
The mean concentration of chromium was reported 5.01 and 5.19 in the river basins of Baft dam and 5.44, 5.5, 5.42 and 5.45 ppb in river basins of Rabor dam. The mean concentration of arsenic in the river basins was demonstrated to be 16.52 and 11.71 ppb in Baft dam, and 12.28, 13.6, 7.13 and 8.78 ppb in Rabor dam. In addition, the mean concentration of chromium was reported 5.02 and 5.38, and arsenic concentration was obtained 23.53 and 9.12 ppb, respectively in Baft and Rabar dams.
Based on the study results, the chromium concentration in the studied stations was demonstrated to be significantly less than guidelines of WHO, EPA and Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran, whereas arsenic concentration was demonstrated to be significantly higher compared to these guidelines(p

Spiritual intelligence is concerned with understanding the origin and meaning of life. In other words, it involves our ultimate goal to live. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the spiritual intelligence and the attribution styles among addicted and non-addicted women in Yazd.
In this correlational study, the study population consisted of all women in Yazd in 2013, among which a sample of 300 subjects were selected via multistage random cluster sampling from three areas of Yazd. As a matter of fact, 108 addicted subjects were selected referring to Addiction Treatment Centers via multistage cluster sampling. The 29-item spiritual intelligence questionnaire (Abdollah Zadeh et al.) and Attribution Style Questionnaire (ASQ) (Peterson Co Seligman) were applied and the study data were analyzed using t-test and Pearson correlation.
The study results indicated a significant difference between addicted women and non-addicted ones in regard with spiritual intelligence (one-tailed, P The results of the present study showed that, without understanding the meaning of life, human life would not be worth much. Life suffering without spirituality would not be meaningful and in dealing with life challenges, it will lead the humans to step down and get helpless. Finding the meaning of life as well as having a positive attribution style can be mentioned as effective elements in regard with the women's tendency to the drug.

Water turbidity is caused by some particles, organic compounds and microorganisms. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of magnetic nanoparticles coated with chitosan as a cationic polymer in turbidity removal from aqueous solution.
In this empirical study, the chemical co-precipitation technique was used to synthesize the magnetic nanoparticles coated by chitosan polymer. The effect of magnetite nanoparticles doses (1, 2, 3 and 4 g/l), pH(in the range of 4, 6, 7 and 9), settling time (5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min), external magnetic field strength(in the range of 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.7 Tesla) and initial various turbidity values (250, 500, 750 and 1000 NTU) were studied.
The study results showed that increasing the dose of nanoparticles, settling time, the external magnetic field, and the acidic conditions in the pH range of 5-6 were considered as the agents of increasing turbidity removal performance by chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles. Using the studied nanoparticles in the optimal conditions, the water turbidity decreased up to 99.5%.
As the study findings revealed chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles showed a good performance in turbidity removal from aqueous solutions. Using the external magnetic field could significantly reduce the settling time of magnetic flocs. As a result, simultaneous use of the studied magnetic nanoparticles with the external magnetic field can significantly reduce the turbidity of high turbid waters.

BPA is a non biodegradable antioxidant that has greatly hazardous for human and animals health. and Because of the eliminating alone fewness amount of the BPA during the wastewater treatment, wastewater that contains BPA can be source of pollution in aqueous solution. The objective of this study was Performance of ultrasonic and H2O2 technologies in removal of BPA from aqueous solution.
Experiments of sonochemical was carried out with use of unit ultrasonicator (Elma), which in the two power 300 and 500W, frequencies at 35 and 130KHz. Hydrogen Peroxide in concentrations at 5, 15 and 30mg/lit was applied. Initial concentration BPA at limits 2, 5, 20 and 50 mg/lit which For measuring concentration of BPA used from Spectrometer UV/VIS Lambada 25 Perkin Elmer, Shelton unit.
The results demonstrated that hybrid ultrasonic and peroxide Hydrogen processes with Efficiency 98.65%, has the highest efficiency in the removal of BPA. The most decomposition rate achieved at the frequency of 130 KHz and 500W assisted by 30mg/lit H2O2 at pH 11. Also the results demonstrated that with pH increase destruction rate BPA the increased by any three processes (ultrasonic, H2O2 and both hybrid).
The results demonstrated that hybrid ultrasonic and peroxide Hydrogen processes can be used as a clean method and friendly environment for waters treatment are contains desirable BPA.

As odor for potable water is unpleasant for costumers, it needs to do researches for finding the reasons of odorous water. Sasan spring that is located in, near kazeroon city, Fars, Iran, is potable water resource for Kazeroon and Booshehr city and many other villages. Water in Sasan spring has the odor problem. With regards to important role of algae on ado r problems in this study the role of algae on odor was investigated.
After regular sampling, the TON (threshold odor number) was indicated and algae species was distinguished and the number of total algae and any species of algae was numbers by microscopic direct numbering method .as the algae mass is related to nitrogen and phosphor concentration, results of concentration Of nitrogen and phosphor in this spring that was examined regularity by water company was investigated and compared to concentration of these component that are need for algae growing.
results shows that TON was in range of 4.477 to 6.2 that indicated oderous limit . Regression and diagram between TON and number of total algae showed the linear relationship.
The concentration of nitrogen and phosphor, showed adequate condition for algal grow. Result of determination of algae species showed high population of Oscilatoria and Microcystis species, which are known as essential case of mold odor in water resources. Investigation on geological maps in the region around the Sasan spring, show alluvium source and is effected by surface part of it’s around land.
because of the algae was determined as the essential cause of odor in the spring, and algal growth is related to nutrients, and because of the surface pollution can penetrate in the alluvium lands around the spring, and effect the water in spring, so nutrient control and management is the essential way for odor control in the spring.

Malaria is one the most important health problems in most areas of world. This disease is endemic in 106 country of the world. This study was done in order to detect the epidemiologic situation of malaria in Qom province during 2001-2012.
This descriptive study was done using existing data in Qom province during 2001 to 2012. Data analysis has been done by SPSS software, and with T-test and chi-square.
599 cases of malaria reported in Qom province. The majority of cases (64.3%) were male. Most cases of malaria due to Plasmodium vivax (91.31%). 8.5% of affected people being Iranian and 91.5 % of patients were non Iranian. Most cases of the disease (67. 11%) were in age group 15 years and higher.
Because of Qom province is being pilgrims, also according to the presence of mosquitoes as insect's malaria vectors, malaria control programs such as screening, treatment for patients should be continued.

Medicinal plants are highly taken into consideration due to having natural antimicrobial compounds which Iran can be introduced as one of the richest sources of medicinal plants. Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activities of grape seed extract on shelf life of tilapia.
The prepared fish were divided into 2 groups: the first group was treated by dipping for 30 min in grape seed extract (1.5%v/v), and the second group was dipped in distilled water as the control sample. The control and treated fish samples were analyzed for microbiological (total count of mesophilic aerobic micro organisms, PTC) and sensory characteristictis over a perid of 20 days.
The study results indicated the extract treatment group significantly delayed (p The present study findings revealed that grape seed extract seemed to be extremely effective in extending the shelf life of tilapia fish fillet during the refrigerated storage.

Patients should be aware of the risks of ionizing radiation used in medical imaging procedures to make appropriate decisions about the diagnosis and treatment of their disease. The aim of this study was to assess the awareness of radiation risks associated to radiological and CT scans tests among the referring patients to imaging centers of Yazd hospitals.
A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 251 patients during April to May 2014. The questionnaire with 33 questions included questions on demographic information, knowledge about different methods of imaging and associated probable risks, and patient expectations was designed and distributed among patients and they were asked to complete them.
The mean score of patients’ awareness was 56.21% with a standard deviation of 16.78%. Significant relationship between age, gender and educational degree of the patients with their knowledge was observed. While 95.6% of patients were expecting their doctor to explain them about the benefits and risks of each test but only 6% of physicians explained this topic to them.
Patients’ knowledge can play an important role in reduction of unnecessary imaging tests but despite a strong desire in patients for obtaining awareness, their knowledge in this topic is not satisfactory. Therefore some strategies should be applied to increase the patients’ awareness.

Urinary tract infection is considered as one of the most common complications of pregnancy, which can be avoided via adopting preventive behaviors. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate determinants of preventive behaviors of urinary tract infection in pregnant women based on the constructs of Health Belief Model in Yazd.
This descriptive cross- sectional study was conducted on 160 pregnant women referred to health centers of Yazd, suffering from urinary tract infection, who were selected via purposive sampling method. In order to glean the study data, a questionnaire based on the Health Belief Model construct was applid and then the study data were analyzed using SPSS Software (ver.18) via frequency tables and t-test.
Among the pregnant women, 63.1% (101 patients) demonstrated average score of knowledge and 36.9% (59 patients) had good knowledge. Regarding the constructs of Health Belief Model, 73.1% (117) had good score of perceived barriers, 95% (152) demonstraded good perceived benefits, 95% (152) reported good perceived susceptibility, and 81.3% (130) scored a good level of perceived severity. Moreover, a significant correlation was observed between the total score of knowledge and attitude (p=0.02), though the correlation between the behavior and knowledge (p=0.08) as well as attitude and behavior (p=0.09) were not proved to be significant.
According to the results, further structural intervention needs to focus on perceived barriers in order to prevent the urinary tract infections. Furthermore, behaviors related to eating and hygiene habits should be considered further and the importance of family, wife and the media involvement seem to be essential in designing the training programs.

Diabete can cause various complications and problems. Oral problems are one of the most health problems in these patients. The present study was designed and accomplished by the aim of determining the status of DMFT index in type II diabetic patents and its correlation with HbAc1 in Yazd city in 2013.
In this descriptive-sectional study, 203 type II diabetic patients who referred to the center of diabetes research in Yazd, were selected and studied in two groups of controlled and un-controlled (HbA1c under and over Our findings showed that the average number of decayed, missed and restored teeth were significantly higher in patients with un-controlled diabetes (P =0.000). Also Perarson's correlation coefficient showed a significantly positive relationship between HbAc1 and age, duration of having diabetes, decayed tooth, ,missed tooth and restored tooth. There was a statically significant difference for DMFT in two groups according to using toothbrush and Dental floss (P =0.000).
The mean score of DMFT in patients with un-controlled diabete was significantly more than patients with controlled diabetes. Also HbAc1 had a significant and positive relationship with age, duration of having diabetes, decayed tooth, missed tooth, restored tooth and oral health (using toothbrush and dental floss).

The text message can be presented as a way to change patterns of behavior-based prevention programs, such as the theory of planned behavior and health belief model to be used., And as an alternative approach to the individual and group training programs should be considered. The present study examined the effectiveness of this new method in promoting food handling behavior of a team of health volunteers on health belief model was based.
This study was an evaluation of an intervention in which 16 health centers, 200 health volunteers who were actively involved Yazd city who were randomly divided into two groups. After the initial test, chi-square test, t test were analyzed.
The intervention group received an educational package on the SMS regarding food handling behavior on health Belief Model was designed for codification; wantonly within a month and a half a day and after 8 weeks of the last SMS sent from any intervention and control groups was performed in a secondary assessment. Tool for data gathering questionnaire consisting of structures of health belief model including demographic variables, respectively. Data were using 18spss and employing applied, statistical tests of non-parametric Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-square and correlation coefficient the analysis was.
The overall food handling behavior, after training significantly increased in the intervention group (p =0/01), while the control group was not significant (p=0/21). Cooling behavior after training in the experimental group and the control group was significantly increased (p =0/00). Cooking behavior, after training in the intervention group (p =0/11) and control group( p =0/17) was not significantly increased. Individual health behavior, after training in the intervention group (p =0/13) and control group (p =0/07) was not significantly increased.
Separation behavior after training has not significantly increased in the intervention group (p =0/73), while the control group was significantly increased (p =0/00). Structures score of perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, so after training significantly increased in the intervention group, while the control group than in the other structures perceived severity scores increased significantly observed. (p =0/00)
The results of this study show that the short message service as a new and effective method of Raeder shaping food management practices used.

Studies show that parents of children with autism disorders are more exposed to the stress of having disabled children than the parents of children with other psychological disorders.
All the problems of these children can endanger the quality of life and happiness of their families.
The more the ability of people for coping, so the present study with the aim of studying Effectiveness of Cognitive Group Therapy on Quality of Life and Happiness among Mothers of Autistic Children was done.
The aim of the present study was to examine effectiveness of cognitive group therapy on quality of life and happiness among mothers of autistic children in Shiraz. This study was an experimental study with pretest and posttest with control group design. At first the Quality of Life Questionnaire and Happiness Inventory were administered to mothers of autistic children and after analyzing the data 30 mothers of autistic children who gained lower scores on these tests were selected based on simple random sampling and assigned two groups; experimental and control. The experimental group underwent treatment method for 12 sessions with two month follow up study, but the control group did not receive any treatment.
Finding; Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and showed that there was a significant positive correlation between cognitive group therapy and improvement in quality of life and happiness in mothers with autistic children. Follow up studies showed that cognitive group therapy had a significant effect on in quality of life and happiness in the control sample.
The results showed that the intervention which has been done could improve the quality of life and its dimensions in parents of children with autism, resulting in the increasing happiness of the parents. Hence, this method of therapy can be used as therapy, either alone or in conjunction with other forms of mental health treatment, to supply the mental health of future children and adults.

Nowadays, application of MTBE due to its physical and chemical characteristics including high solubility in water has been increased, resulting in its release into the water resources. On other hand, waste activated sludge derived from municipal wastewater treatment plant (MWTP) contains high amount of carbon. Therefore, this study aimed to provide the activated carbon via sludge of MWTP as well as to evaluate its efficiency for MTBE removal.
The effect of some parameters such as kind of activator, pH (2-10), contact time (0-240min), adsorbent dose (2-6g/L) and initial concentration of MTBE (20-70mg/L) was investigated on MTBE adsorption via activated carbon, after preparation of coal from wastewater sludge and activation of this coal via 3 molar solution of H2PO4, and KOH as well as 5 molar solution of ZnCl2. MTBE concentration in solution was determined via Gas-Chromatography instrument. The obtained experimental data were modeled by adsorption model of Freundlich and Langmuir.
The maximum adsorbed MTBE per gram of activated carbon was obtained when the ZnCL2 was used as an activator; however, there was no statistically significant difference among different activators. In addition, maximum removal efficiency (about 50%) was obtained in acidic pH of 4, 6g/L of activated carbon and 20mg/L of MTBE concentration. Results of adsorption isotherm showed that Freundlich adsorption model had a better compliance with the experimental data.
Regarding the problems associated with sludge disposal of wastewater treatment plant, recycling of this sludge, as an adsorbent, can eliminate most of these problems. As a result, the economical features with respect to industrial scale application and the efficiency of this substance in removal of other pollutants are recommended to be investigated.

Formaldehyde is a toxic, mutagen and probably carcinogen compound that can be released to air by world different industries. The present study aimed to investigate the kinetic parameters of a trickling bio-filter as well as to present a simple regression model.
The data of previous studies on formaldehyde vapor removal by bio-trickling filter in a laboratory scale was used to determine rmax and Km. Moreover, the data were applied to develop a simple regression model.
Formaldehyde removal efficiency in different input concentrations was predicted by both regression and kinetic models. All results were compared with actual data in the pilot study.
The results of the present study revealed that although regression model has a high precision, it only could predict the mean of bio-filter efficiency in formaldehyde removal. Kinetic model demonstrated some extent of error in predicting, though it has a good alignment with the actual data, and thus, the results of this model can approximately predict ups and downs of system navigation.

The success of any organization depends on the existence of an effective evaluation system. The usages of accreditation standards are very useful. Accreditation signifies the external evaluation in order to examine the performance of health centers. The study of present research is done by the aim of sketching the executive structure of accreditation from stakeholder’s perspective
The descriptive study research was done through cross-sectional method in throughout the country stakeholders; 2014. A total of 200 stakeholders contributed in the study. Stakeholders are the ones who are involved in the presentation of accreditation and also well aware of the current structures and its goals. The checking tools of this questionnaire research are closed.
At the first phase, a semi-open questionnaire was completed by 72 people, after adding their points of view the closed questionnaire was given to 128 stakeholders. Individuals answered the questions by giving points from 0-10. The validity and reliability of date was derived by experts and also from Cronbach’s Alpha exam, and analyzed by spss18 software.
The results has shown much of the stakeholders believe that hospitals should be voluntarily in implementing accreditation at first then be compulsory by an NGO organization such as JCI along with international standards. Also should be evaluated annually with the training of accreditation.
Generally stakeholders were not satisfied with the present accreditation procedures and base on results of descriptive and analytical assessment respondents were analyzed, the final accreditation Administration was presented.

Mental health is one of the priorities of health system. In recent years emphasis on sprituality and religion as essential component of psychoeducational and theraputic approaches is increased. This research aimed to investigaton the impact of Islamic Quality of life Therapy on depression and quality of life in students with MDD in Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari Payam-e- Nour university.
This research is performed in a quasi-experimental design. To do so, using diagnostic interview 40 depressed students were selected among the clients of councelling centers and after satisfying, were assigned to experiment and control groups using random eplacement method. Then all of them were completed the Beck Depression Inventory and WHO Quality of life questionaire in pre-test phase. Then Islamic quality of life therapy were conducted for the experiment group in 10 session for 90 minutes. The data were analysed using ANCOVA in SPSS-18 software.
finding showed that Islamic quality of life therapy has decreased depression(f(1¡33) =96/3,p Attention to religion as a one of the most important components of culture and adding it to psychological interventions with an integrative and holistic perspective to humans, can increase the effectiveness of interventions.